FACTORS AND CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE RECONSTRUCTION PROCESS IN AREAS OF MASS RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

The article investigates the engineering-technical and economic aspects of restoring mass residential developments damaged by hostilities, emphasizing the mandatory integration of security features into the design criteria system. The necessity of abandoning outdated civil defense systems and implementing a three-level stratified system for protecting buildings against aerial threats at the urban planning level is substantiated. The effectiveness of the proposed system is evaluated based on economic feasibility, the practicality of large-scale implementation, and the modeling of three damage scenarios: fragmentation impact, above-ground explosion, and direct hit. The base construction cost of a typical multi-apartment building is defined at $400-650/m². The first, individual protection level involves the local reinforcement of apartment structures using blast-resistant glazing and reinforced partitions, which increases the facility’s cost by 8-15% and almost entirely mitigates fragmentation-related injuries. The second, building-wide level, identified as optimal for mass development, requires comprehensive reinforcement of the load-bearing frame to withstand overpressures of 100-300 kPa. This solution increases the total cost by 18-30% while ensuring 80-85% integrity preservation of load-bearing structures during explosions equivalent to 250 kg. The third level – full protection – involves designing a comprehensive specialized shelter, increasing construction costs by 30-40%. This level is critically necessary to ensure an 80–90% survival rate among residents in the event of direct hits or the impact of munitions weighing over 400 kg. It is proven that the comprehensive application of all three levels creates a synergistic effect, cumulatively reducing the number of casualties by 70-90% compared to standard buildings. It is established that the practical implementation of this concept requires an urgent update of State Building Norms (DBN), the expansion of domestic production for specific materials, the training of specialists in blast-resistant design, and the introduction of targeted state programs for the financial stimulation of developers.